{"id":286,"date":"2018-06-26T15:31:07","date_gmt":"2018-06-26T12:31:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mebid.org\/?page_id=286"},"modified":"2018-06-27T13:26:11","modified_gmt":"2018-06-27T10:26:11","slug":"dunyada-medikal-biyoteknoloji","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.mebid.org\/tr\/dunyada-medikal-biyoteknoloji\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnyada Medikal Biyoteknoloji"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00fcnyada Medikal Biyoteknoloji<\/h3>\n

Biyoteknoloji \u00e7ok eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri\u00a0g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131zda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir bilim dal\u0131d\u0131r. Ekmek, yo\u011furt veya alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7kilerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z fermentasyon i\u015flemleri asl\u0131nda biyoteknolojik deneylerden ibarettir. Bu deneylerin baz\u0131lar\u0131nda farkl\u0131 bakteri k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini onlar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun ortamlarda k\u00fclt\u00fcrleyerek bakterilerin s\u00fct\u00fc yo\u011furda veya \u00fcz\u00fcm suyunu sirke veya \u015faraba d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmesi sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Ekmek hamurununun mayalanmas\u0131 i\u015flemi ise hamur i\u00e7ine konan maya mikroorganizmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falarak hamuru ekmek yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun hale getirmesinden ibarettir.<\/p>\n

Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda hayvanlar\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilmesinde kullan\u0131lan \u00e7iftle\u015ftirme y\u00f6ntemleri ve zirai bitkilerin daha verimli t\u00fcrlerinin \u00fcretilmesini sa\u011flayan y\u00f6ntemler de asl\u0131nda biyoteknolojik y\u00f6ntemlerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin yedi\u011fimiz m\u0131s\u0131rlar\u0131n atas\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda yenilmesi \u00e7ok zor rengarenk bir bitki oldu\u011funu biliyor muydunuz? Veya yine marketlerde ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z muzlar\u0131n atalar\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda yenilmesi \u00e7ok zor bitkiler oldu\u011funu? Etraf\u0131n\u0131zda birbirinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnen k\u00f6pek \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi k\u00f6peklerin genlerinde belirli \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6sterecek \u015fekilde \u00e7iftle\u015ftirilmelerinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. S\u00fct \u00fcretiminde baz\u0131 inek t\u00fcrlerinin di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re daha fazla verim vermesinin sebebi de yine bu ineklerin ayn\u0131 k\u00f6pekler gibi baz\u0131 genleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kacak \u015fekilde \u00e7iftle\u015ftirilmelerinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Medikal biyoteknoloji ise antibiyotiklerin ke\u015ffi ile daha geni\u015f ve kendine \u00f6zel bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir. Her ne kadar \u00f6zellikle uzakdo\u011fuda \u00e7e\u015fitli bitkiler, hayvan \u00f6z\u00fctleri ve mineraller farkl\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavisi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri farkl\u0131 form\u00fclasyonlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor olsalar da en \u00e7ok bilinen ilk medikal biyoteknoloji icad\u0131 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sir Alexander Fleming taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilen penisilindir.<\/p>\n

Her ne kadar penisilinin icad\u0131 modern medikal biyoteknolojinin en \u00f6nemli ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ta\u015flar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015ftursa da as\u0131l ilerleme genetik materyalin ke\u015ffi ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1869\u00a0 \u00a0F. Miescher taraf\u0131ndan DNA’n\u0131n ke\u015ffi<\/p>\n

1910\u00a0 \u00a0T.H. Morgan genlerin kromozomlar\u00a0\u00fczerinde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 \u00a0Beadle & Tatum: bir\u00a0gen-bir enzim\u00a0hipotezi<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 \u00a0Avery, Mcleod& McCarty: DNA’n\u0131n\u00a0genetik materyal oldu\u011funun ke\u015ffi<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 \u00a0Watson, Crick, Franklin, Wilkins: DNA’n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 \u00a0Brenner, Jacob & Meseleson: mRNA’n\u0131n ke\u015ffi<\/p>\n

1966\u00a0 \u00a0Nirenberg & Khorana: DNA kodunun ke\u015ffinin tamamlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 \u00a0P. Berg: in vito ortamda rekombinant DNA yap\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 \u00a0D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk biyoteknoloji \u015firketinin kurulmas\u0131 (Kaliforniya, ABD)<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 \u00a0H. Boyer & S. Cohen: DNA’n\u0131n plazmidlere klonlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 \u00a0H. Temin: Ters transkriptaz (reverse transcriptase) enziminin bulunmas\u0131<\/p>\n

1977\u00a0 \u00a0F. Sanger & W. Gilbert: H\u0131zl\u0131 DNA dizileme y\u00f6nteminin ke\u015ffi<\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 \u00a0\u0130lk biyoteknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc insan b\u00fcy\u00fcme fakt\u00f6r\u00fc (Human growth hormone)<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 \u00a0Halka arzedilen ilk biyoteknoloji \u015firketi:\u00a0Genentech (35 milyon $)<\/p>\n

1982\u00a0 \u00a0T. Cech & S. Altman: Ribozimlerin ke\u015ffi<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 \u00a0DNA parmakizi analizi tekni\u011finin geli\u015ftirilmesi<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 \u00a0Chiron \u015eirketi taraf\u0131ndan HIV vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn klonlan\u0131p t\u00fcm genom dizilenmesi<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 \u00a0FDA taraf\u0131ndan ilk rekombinant ilac\u0131n onaylanmas\u0131 (HGF: Genentech)<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 \u00a0FDA taraf\u0131ndan rekombinant DNA ile \u00fcretilen ilk a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n onaylanmas\u0131<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 \u00a0K. Mullis ve ark.: PZR y\u00f6nteminin ke\u015ffi<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 \u00a0Kanser hastalar\u0131nda gen terapisi y\u00f6nteminin ilk kez uygulanmas\u0131<\/p>\n

1995\u00a0 \u00a0Vir\u00fcsler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ilk biyolojik organizman\u0131n t\u00fcm DNA dizilemesi (bakteri)<\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 \u00a0\u0130lk memeli hayvan\u0131n klonlanmas\u0131: “Dolly” adl\u0131 koyun<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 \u00a0\u0130lk insan embriyonik k\u00f6k h\u00fccresinin izolasyonu (Thomson, Jones ve ark.)<\/p>\n

2001\u00a0 \u00a0Venter, Collins ve pek \u00e7ok di\u011ferleri: \u0130lk insan genom dizisi<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 \u00a0\u0130lk sentetik vir\u00fcs\u00fcn t\u00fcm genomunun sentezlenmesi<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 \u00a0\u0130nsan Genom Haritalama projesi tamamland\u0131 (2,7 milyar $)<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 \u00a0\u0130lk ticari gen terapisi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn onaylanmas\u0131 (\u00c7in)<\/p>\n

2004\u00a0 \u00a0\u0130lk DNA mikroarray tan\u0131 cihaz\u0131n\u0131n onaylanmas\u0131 (Roche)<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 \u00a0Yamanaka ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ilk IPSC’lerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 \u00a0Bitkilerde \u00fcretilen ilk a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n onaylanmas\u0131: Tavuk\u00e7ulukta kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere<\/p>\n

2008\u00a0 \u00a0Tamamen sentetik ilk bakteri DNA’s\u0131n\u0131n sentezlenmesi: Craig Venter<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 \u00a0\u0130lk lab-on-a-chip teknolojisinin \u00fcretilmesi (Harvard \u00dcni., ABD, akci\u011fer)<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 \u00a0Sinir k\u00f6k h\u00fccrelerinin ALS ve fel\u00e7 tedavisinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in klinik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 \u00a0\u0130lk ki\u015fiselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f kanser ilac\u0131n\u0131n FDA taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmas\u0131 (prostat kanseri)<\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 \u00a0\u0130nsan genomunun 1 haftadan daha k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede 2000$’a dizilenebilir hale gelmesi<\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 \u00a03D yaz\u0131c\u0131 ile deri \u00fcretilmesi<\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 \u00a0FDA taraf\u0131ndan biyobenzer ila\u00e7lar i\u00e7in y\u00f6netmelik yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 \u00a0Anne kan\u0131ndaki fet\u00fcs DNA’s\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm dizilemesi<\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 \u00a0CRISPR metodunun ke\u015ffi<\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 \u00a0HIV’li do\u011fan bir bebe\u011fin ilk kez “tamamen” tedavi edilmesi<\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 \u00a0Rahim nakli yap\u0131lan bir kad\u0131n\u0131n ilk kez hamile kalmas\u0131<\/p>\n

2015\u00a0 \u00a0Yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 y\u0131ldan sonra ilk kez yeni bir antibiyotik bulunmas\u0131<\/p>\n

2016\u00a0 \u00a0CRSPR metodunun insan hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tedavisinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 (\u00c7in)<\/p>\n

2016\u00a0 \u00a0Fel\u00e7 hastalar\u0131na k\u00f6k h\u00fccre naklinin hastalar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcmesini sa\u011flamas\u0131<\/p>\n

2017\u00a0 \u00a0Domuz embriyolar\u0131nda insan h\u00fccrelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclmesi (gelecekte organ naklinde kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n

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Ekmek yap\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131zda en s\u0131k kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z biyoteknolojik i\u015flemlerdendir.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Yedi\u011fimiz m\u0131s\u0131rlar asl\u0131nda biyoteknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Marketteki muzlar\u0131n orijinal atalar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi de biyoteknolojidir<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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1928: Penisilinin ke\u015ffi<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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1953: DNA yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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1986: \u0130lk hepatit B a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n FDA taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmas\u0131<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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1997: \u0130lk klonlanan memeli hayvan, Dolly<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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2001: \u0130nsan Genomunun Yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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2006: \u0130nsan deri h\u00fccresinden k\u00f6k h\u00fccre \u00fcretilmesi<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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2013: CRISPR metodunun ke\u015ffi<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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2016: Fel\u00e7 hastalar\u0131nda k\u00f6k h\u00fccre tedavisinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mebid.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/286\/"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mebid.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mebid.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page\/"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mebid.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1\/"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mebid.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments\/?post=286"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/www.mebid.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/286\/revisions\/"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":315,"href":"https:\/\/www.mebid.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/286\/revisions\/315\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mebid.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/?parent=286"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}